using aerial photos AND field study, then lANDslide distribution map was produced. Effective factors on lANDslide occurrence such as: slope, aspect, elevation, lithology, lAND use, distance to fault, distance to road AND distance to drainage network were digitized in GIS environment as shape digital layers AND then used for analysis of fuzzy sets theory. Fuzzy analysis was accomplished after determining MEMBERSHIP FUNCTION for each effective parameter in lANDslide occurred using Matlab 7.1 software. Then the results representing hazard degree for each pixel in case study map was transported in ILWIS software AND lANDslide hazard zonation was produced. The results showed that identified lANDslides were located in the class very high (29.42%), high (32.19%), moderate (30.36%) AND low (8.04%) in susceptibility zones.

MEMBERSHIP FUNCTION based on probability density FUNCTIONچندین روش به منظور برآورد تابع چگالی احتمال وجود دارد. از سوی دیگر، در نظریه مجموعه هایفازی یکی از روش های ساختن تابع عضویت بر پایه ی مجموعه داده، روش مبتنی بر تابع چگالی احتمال است.با توجه به روش های متداول در برآورد تابع چگالی، این مسئله می تواند به محاسبه انواع تابع عضویت بر پایهیک مجموعه داده منجر شود. در این مقاله، برخی از این روش ها بیان و با مثال عددی تشریح می شوند..

Research aimed at showing element weight used fuzzy sets because of the limitation on the use of numbers. The benefit of this theory includes the range of numbers with an accompanying possibility of the degree of lANDslide that can be used instead of one number. Thus, when the fuzzy collections theory is used for presenting weight factor, certainly a number is cannot determined for weight, but the only possible correct numbers provided more than other numbers may be close to correct its intended. The aim of this study was to supply lANDslide hazard zoning using gamma fuzzy operator in HARAZ WATERSHED. To achieve this objective, each factor having an impact on lANDslide occurrence - such as slope, aspect, elevation, lithology, lAND use, distance of road, distance of drainage, distance of fault AND precipitation – were digitally mapped in a GIS environment. LANDslide points were recognized using air photography AND extensive field study AND the level of correlation between each effective parameter in lANDslide occurrence with lANDslide points was determined using the frequency ratio model; fuzzy values were then determined using scientific ideas AND a fuzzy MEMBERSHIP FUNCTION was obtained for each effective parameter in an Idrisi software environment. In this research for analysis we used different values of gamma. The results showed a gamma fuzzy operator with value  l=0.975 had best accuracy in making a lANDslide hazard susceptibility map in study area.

Aims LAND-use change due to human activities is one of the important issues in regional AND development planning. The aim of this study was to detect lAND-use changes using LANDsat TM, ETM+, IRS AND ASTER satellite imagery. Methodology In this quasi-experimental study, lAND-use changes in the HARAZ WATERSHED over a 23-year period were evaluated. For this study, images of 1992 TM, ETM + 2002, AND IRS AND 2015 ASTER of LANDsat satellite were used, AND after performing the necessary actions in the preprocessing stage, a supervised classification AND change detection map was prepared. Idrisi ANDes, ArcGIS, ENVI, Edrisi ANDes, AND Statistica software were used. Also, to check the significance of the changes, the chi-square test was used in SPSS software. Findings The overall accuracy AND Kappa coefficient were 0. 84 AND 0. 79 for TM, 0. 86 AND 0. 80 for ETM+, AND 0. 95 AND 0. 90 for IRS results respectively. The results showed that rangelANDs, forest, agricultural lANDs, AND water-covered areas had converted to garden regions, building zone, AND no vegetation. The results showed that 2. 21%, 1. 29%, AND 7. 01% increased in garden regions, building zone AND no vegetation AND 5. 06%, 4. 50% AND 0. 85% decreased in rangelANDs, forest, AND agricultural lANDs during 23 years, also water-covered areas decreased. Conclusion The lAND use classes in the HARAZ WATERSHED have changed a lot during the time series 1992-2015. During this period, the area of natural lANDs (forests AND pastures) with a rate of change of about 828 hectares per year AND the same amount has been added to the area of the garden AND residential lANDs.

The study objective was to evaluate the effects of reducing dietary starch content in fresh cow diets while maintaining NDF levels by substituting barley grain (BG), corn silage (CS), or both with beet pulp (BP) on DMI, lactation performance, serum mineral AND metabolites concentrations, liver enzymes AND liver FUNCTIONality index (LFI), serum insulin AND revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKI). Thirty-six multiparous cows were rANDomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental diets from calving to 21 days in lactation. Experimental diets were a high-starch diet with ground BG (CO; 24.9% starch; 0% BP) AND 3 low-starch diets where BP substituted for either BG (BB; 19.6% starch; 7% BP), CS (BC; 20.6% starch; 12% BP) or CS AND BG (BCB; 20.3% starch; 12% BP). Relative to CO cows (16.50 kg/d), DMI was greater for BC (17.70 kg/d) AND BCB (17.50 kg/d) cows, but it was lesser in BB (15.60 kg/d) cows. Similar to DMI results, milk yields tended to be greater for BC (37.89 kg/d) AND BCB cows (37.81 kg/d) compared to CO cows (35.41 kg/d), but BB cows (33.05 kg/d) tended to produce less milk than CO cows. Relative to CO, cows fed BB had lower serum glucose concentrations, whereas cows fed BC AND BCB had higher serum glucose. Serum insulin concentrations were lower for BB cows than for other exprimental groups. Relative to CO, serum NEFA AND BHB concentrations were lower for BC AND BCB, but was similar between BB AND CO. The RQUICKI was lower for CO, BC cows than BB cows, AND cows in BCB tended to have less RQUICKI compared to BB during postpartum. The concentrations of gamma glutamyl transferase were lower in BC AND BCB cows relative to CO AND BB cows. The cows fed CO AND BB had higher serum bilirubin relative to cows fed BC AND BCB diets. Although, LFI for CO cows was similar to cows on BB, BC AND BCB, BC cows had higher LFI than BB cows AND tended to have greater LFI than CO cows. Overall, reducing dietary starch by replacing CS (BC) or a mix of CS AND BG (BCB) with BP positively affected DMI AND milk yield AND indicated improved energy metabolism AND liver FUNCTION during the first 21 d of lactation compared to when BP was fed instead of BG to reduce starch (BB).

Assessment of lAND use spatio-temporal changes presents the perfect data for managers to elaborate plans. LAND use change modeling is one of the methods used by planers to manage lAND use changes. The present study aims to predict lAND use changes using logistic regression AND Markov chain model in HARAZ WATERSHED. LAND use maps of the study area were prepared from LANDs at images (L5-TM-1988, L7-ETM+-2000 AND-L8-OLI-2013). For this purpose, image classification method AND maximum likelihood algorithm was used in ENVI 4. 8 software. Then transition potential modeling was performed using LAND Change Modeler (LCM) AND Logistic Regression (LR). In order to predict lAND use for 2025, maps of the calibration periods of1988-2000, 2000-2013 AND 1988-2013 using a Markov chain model AND hard prediction were used. The results of the calibration periods using the GEOMOD method AND its parameters(N(n), N(m), H(m), M(m), K(m), P(m) AND P(p)) AND kappa coefficients showed that period of 1988-2013 with highest accuracy was selected to predict 2025 lAND use map. The results of the lAND use changes showed that over the period 1988-2013, the rate of decreasing of forest, grasslAND AND irrigated lAND was 4. 20, 5. 09 AND 0. 63 percent, respectively. Also, during the period residential areas, orchard AND bare lAND, increased 1. 28, 2. 20 AND 6. 62 percent, respectively. Dominant changes of this period were transition of forest AND rangelAND to orchards, residential area AND bare lAND with 8836. 4, 5165. 1 AND 426598. 4ha, respectively. Also the results of lAND use modeling for 2025 revealed that the area of forest AND rangelANDs will decrease to 2978. 18 AND 6367. 41 ha, respectively AND irrigated lAND, residential area, orchards AND bare lAND will expAND to 391. 86, 29. 38, 1453. 42 AND 7214. 94ha, respectively.

The balance between water supply AND demAND AND the related services is a key issue in lAND planning with a water resources management approach. The purpose of this study is to establish a proper supply flow through mapping surface water production service in the HARAZ WATERSHED using the water yield model as a supply AND demAND utility. In this study, based on the input layers including limiting root depth, average annual rainfall, water content plant availability, reference evapotranspiration, lAND use/lAND cover, biophysical table, as well as WATERSHED boundaries AND sub-basins surface water production service was modeled. Then, the demAND map of the WATERSHED was prepared based on programmable water in the water yield model, AND the flow between supply AND demAND was calculated to form the equilibrium AND imbalances.The results show that the Payabeheraz sub-basin with an annual water yield of 69 million m3, due to precipitation of 618 mm per year, concentration of agricultural lANDs, AND urban areas, had the highest water yield in 2017. In the meantime, Payabetalar AND the Siahroud sub-basins, owning the amount of industrial lANDs in addition to the agricultural lANDs, AND high population concentration, have the highest demAND with an annual average of 800 million m3. Besides, the results indicate that in the HARAZ WATERSHED, the imbalance in supply AND demAND has led to a lot of pressure on the water resources so that continuing the current situation, a sharp decline in the water resources is imminent. In order to balance AND maintain stability in both demAND AND supply sections, reallocating the population (to reduce demAND in the pressurized sub-basins) AND lAND cover/lAND use arrangement (to increase the supply AND maintenance of water resources) have been proposed.

Introduction: One of the most important steps towards sustainable development is the protection of lAND integrity, so that a part of the lAND is changed annually for several reasons, AND the withdrawal of such lANDs from the production path creates irreparable damages. Given the high intensity of lAND use change in MazANDaran province, including the HARAZ plain, which represents a significant environmental issues at both macro AND spatial scales, the monitoring AND analysis of theese changes can be considered a valuable tool for for the management AND planning of lAND use. Considering that HARAZ plain has not been spared from the crisis of destructive lAND use changes in recent decades, the need to monitor, highlight AND process these changes as one of the most important management factors in this region is confirmed.Material AND methods: In order to investigate lAND use changes, it is necessary to integrate a number of layers over a specific period of time. This research aims to investigate lAND use changes in HARAZ Plain from 1980 to 2021. Therefore, LANDsat data was employed to quantify the changes. By applying atmospheric, geometric, AND radiometric corrections, image enhancement operations were performed AND lAND use change maps were produced based on the supervised classification method, maximum likelihood algorithm AND basis component analysis FUNCTIONs. The type of lAND use changes was determined from the difference FUNCTION of the identification images AND the accuracy of the maps using the overall accuracy test AND the Kappa statistic.Results AND discussion: The results showed that from 1980 to 1990, the area of forest lANDs decreased by 4 km2. The rangelAND area also decreased from 450 to 436 km2. From 2000 to 2010, the area of forest lAND decreased from 272 to 270 km2 AND rangelAND decreased from 432 to 420 km2. Finally, between 2011 AND 2021, the area of forest lANDs decreased by 9 km2 AND the rangelAND area decreased by 5 km2. The results indicated a reduction in the area of forest AND rangelAND, accompanied by an increase in the area of agricultural lAND AND residential areas.Conclusion: The results obtained AND the defined goals allow us to conclude that the area in question underwent changes in terms of its use during the considered statistical period (1980-2021). These changes were noticeable. Therefore, human factors interventions play a pivotal role in lAND use changes. The results of this study can assist planners in identifying the factors influencing lAND use changes AND in making appropriate management decisions in the future.

A large part of Iran› s formed mountainous areas, so each year, lANDslides cause damage to structures, residential areas AND forests, creating sedimentation, mud floods AND finally cause filling reservoirs. Since forecasting of the lANDslide occurrence is out of human knowledge in both temporally AND spatially, so the lANDslide susceptibility mapping is considered in order to be shown how much a mountain slope is susceptibility to a mass movement. The purpose of this study was to preparation of lANDslide susceptibility map in a Part of HARAZ WATERSHED. In this study nine factors including slope percent AND aspect, geology, precipitation, distance from the road AND the river AND faults, lAND use AND elevation were used. These factors were then used with an artificial neural network to analyze lANDslide susceptibility. Each factor’ s weight was determined by the back-propagation training method. LANDslide locations were identified in the study area from interpretation of aerial photographs AND field survey data. From seventy eight points of lANDslide occurrence AND seventy eight points of nonlANDslide occurrence determined in this area, 70 AND 30 percent used for training AND testing, respectively. The results of the Artificial Neural network showed that 1-14-9 structure whit 0. 2 learning rate is optimal structure AND Root Mean Square Error is 0. 051. Accuracy of network in training AND testing phase was equal 92. 307 AND Coefficient of Determination was equal 0. 962.